Table 7. Climate and health data technologies

Technology category	Tool/system	Function/use
Remote sensing and satellite data enable researchers to monitor temperature changes, air pollution levels, land use shift and vector habitats without on-the-ground measurements.	NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Copernicus Sentinel Satellites (ESA) MODIS	Tracks climate indicators such as surface temperature and atmospheric composition. Provides high-resolution data on air quality, land cover and hazards. Measures aerosols, vegetation and environmental variables.
Geographic information systems (GIS) visualize CCH linkages by integrating spatial data with epidemiological trends.	Google Earth Engine ArcGIS and QGIS Malaria Early Warning System (MEWS)	Enables large-scale geospatial analysis of climate and health data. Map disease outbreaks, extreme weather risks and exposures. Predicts malaria outbreaks based on climate and ecological data.
Wearable and mobile health technologies provide real-time health monitoring, improving longitudinal studies of heat stress, respiratory conditions and physical activity in extreme climates.	Smartwatches and wearable sensors mHealth apps	Measure heart rate, temperature and physiological responses to heat. Collect self-reported climate-related health symptoms and behaviours.
Automated environmental monitoring can enhance long-term CCH surveillance by collecting environmental data.	Air pollution monitoring networks Vector surveillance systems	Track real-time exposure to hazardous air pollutants. Use automated traps/sensors to track mosquito populations.

Technology category

Tool/system

Function/use

Remote sensing and satellite data enable researchers to monitor temperature changes, air pollution levels, land use shift and vector habitats without on-the-ground measurements.

NASA Earth Observing System (EOS)

Copernicus Sentinel Satellites (ESA)

MODIS

Tracks climate indicators such as surface temperature and atmospheric composition.

Provides high-resolution data on air quality, land cover and hazards.

Measures aerosols, vegetation and environmental variables.

Geographic information systems (GIS) visualize CCH linkages by integrating spatial data with epidemiological trends.

Google Earth Engine

ArcGIS and QGIS

Malaria Early Warning System (MEWS)

Enables large-scale geospatial analysis of climate and health data.

Map disease outbreaks, extreme weather risks and exposures.

Predicts malaria outbreaks based on climate and ecological data.

Wearable and mobile health technologies provide real-time health monitoring, improving longitudinal studies of heat stress, respiratory conditions and physical activity in extreme climates.

Smartwatches and wearable sensors

mHealth apps

Measure heart rate, temperature and physiological responses to heat.

Collect self-reported climate-related health symptoms and behaviours.

Automated environmental monitoring can enhance long-term CCH surveillance by collecting environmental data.

Air pollution monitoring networks

Vector surveillance systems

Track real-time exposure to hazardous air pollutants.

Use automated traps/sensors to track mosquito populations.